# Zlib
<!--introduced_in=v0.10.0-->
> Stability: 2 - Stable
<!-- source_link=lib/zlib.js -->
The `node:zlib` module provides compression functionality implemented using
Gzip, Deflate/Inflate, Brotli, and Zstd.
To access it:
```mjs
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
```
```cjs
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
```
Compression and decompression are built around the Node.js [Streams API][].
Compressing or decompressing a stream (such as a file) can be accomplished by
piping the source stream through a `zlib` `Transform` stream into a destination
stream:
```mjs
import {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} from 'node:fs';
import process from 'node:process';
import { createGzip } from 'node:zlib';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';
const gzip = createGzip();
const source = createReadStream('input.txt');
const destination = createWriteStream('input.txt.gz');
pipeline(source, gzip, destination, (err) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
});
```
```cjs
const {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} = require('node:fs');
const process = require('node:process');
const { createGzip } = require('node:zlib');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');
const gzip = createGzip();
const source = createReadStream('input.txt');
const destination = createWriteStream('input.txt.gz');
pipeline(source, gzip, destination, (err) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
});
```
Or, using the promise `pipeline` API:
```mjs
import {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} from 'node:fs';
import { createGzip } from 'node:zlib';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream/promises';
async function do_gzip(input, output) {
const gzip = createGzip();
const source = createReadStream(input);
const destination = createWriteStream(output);
await pipeline(source, gzip, destination);
}
await do_gzip('input.txt', 'input.txt.gz');
```
```cjs
const {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} = require('node:fs');
const process = require('node:process');
const { createGzip } = require('node:zlib');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream/promises');
async function do_gzip(input, output) {
const gzip = createGzip();
const source = createReadStream(input);
const destination = createWriteStream(output);
await pipeline(source, gzip, destination);
}
do_gzip('input.txt', 'input.txt.gz')
.catch((err) => {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
});
```
It is also possible to compress or decompress data in a single step:
```mjs
import process from 'node:process';
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
import { deflate, unzip } from 'node:zlib';
const input = '.................................';
deflate(input, (err, buffer) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
console.log(buffer.toString('base64'));
});
const buffer = Buffer.from('eJzT0yMAAGTvBe8=', 'base64');
unzip(buffer, (err, buffer) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
console.log(buffer.toString());
});
// Or, Promisified
import { promisify } from 'node:util';
const do_unzip = promisify(unzip);
const unzippedBuffer = await do_unzip(buffer);
console.log(unzippedBuffer.toString());
```
```cjs
const { deflate, unzip } = require('node:zlib');
const input = '.................................';
deflate(input, (err, buffer) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
console.log(buffer.toString('base64'));
});
const buffer = Buffer.from('eJzT0yMAAGTvBe8=', 'base64');
unzip(buffer, (err, buffer) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
console.log(buffer.toString());
});
// Or, Promisified
const { promisify } = require('node:util');
const do_unzip = promisify(unzip);
do_unzip(buffer)
.then((buf) => console.log(buf.toString()))
.catch((err) => {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
});
```
## Threadpool usage and performance considerations
All `zlib` APIs, except those that are explicitly synchronous, use the Node.js
internal threadpool. This can lead to surprising effects and performance
limitations in some applications.
Creating and using a large number of zlib objects simultaneously can cause
significant memory fragmentation.
```mjs
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const payload = Buffer.from('This is some data');
// WARNING: DO NOT DO THIS!
for (let i = 0; i < 30000; ++i) {
zlib.deflate(payload, (err, buffer) => {});
}
```
```cjs
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const payload = Buffer.from('This is some data');
// WARNING: DO NOT DO THIS!
for (let i = 0; i < 30000; ++i) {
zlib.deflate(payload, (err, buffer) => {});
}
```
In the preceding example, 30,000 deflate instances are created concurrently.
Because of how some operating systems handle memory allocation and
deallocation, this may lead to significant memory fragmentation.
It is strongly recommended that the results of compression
operations be cached to avoid duplication of effort.
## Compressing HTTP requests and responses
The `node:zlib` module can be used to implement support for the `gzip`, `deflate`,
`br`, and `zstd` content-encoding mechanisms defined by
[HTTP](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-4.2).
The HTTP [`Accept-Encoding`][] header is used within an HTTP request to identify
the compression encodings accepted by the client. The [`Content-Encoding`][]
header is used to identify the compression encodings actually applied to a
message.
The examples given below are drastically simplified to show the basic concept.
Using `zlib` encoding can be expensive, and the results ought to be cached.
See [Memory usage tuning][] for more information on the speed/memory/compression
tradeoffs involved in `zlib` usage.
```mjs
// Client request example
import fs from 'node:fs';
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import http from 'node:http';
import process from 'node:process';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';
const request = http.get({ host: 'example.com',
path: '/',
port: 80,
headers: { 'Accept-Encoding': 'br,gzip,deflate' } });
request.on('response', (response) => {
const output = fs.createWriteStream('example.com_index.html');
const onError = (err) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
};
switch (response.headers['content-encoding']) {
case 'br':
pipeline(response, zlib.createBrotliDecompress(), output, onError);
break;
// Or, just use zlib.createUnzip() to handle both of the following cases:
case 'gzip':
pipeline(response, zlib.createGunzip(), output, onError);
break;
case 'deflate':
pipeline(response, zlib.createInflate(), output, onError);
break;
default:
pipeline(response, output, onError);
break;
}
});
```
```cjs
// Client request example
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const http = require('node:http');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');
const request = http.get({ host: 'example.com',
path: '/',
port: 80,
headers: { 'Accept-Encoding': 'br,gzip,deflate,zstd' } });
request.on('response', (response) => {
const output = fs.createWriteStream('example.com_index.html');
const onError = (err) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
};
switch (response.headers['content-encoding']) {
case 'br':
pipeline(response, zlib.createBrotliDecompress(), output, onError);
break;
// Or, just use zlib.createUnzip() to handle both of the following cases:
case 'gzip':
pipeline(response, zlib.createGunzip(), output, onError);
break;
case 'deflate':
pipeline(response, zlib.createInflate(), output, onError);
break;
case 'zstd':
pipeline(response, zlib.createZstdDecompress(), output, onError);
break;
default:
pipeline(response, output, onError);
break;
}
});
```
```mjs
// server example
// Running a gzip operation on every request is quite expensive.
// It would be much more efficient to cache the compressed buffer.
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import http from 'node:http';
import fs from 'node:fs';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';
http.createServer((request, response) => {
const raw = fs.createReadStream('index.html');
// Store both a compressed and an uncompressed version of the resource.
response.setHeader('Vary', 'Accept-Encoding');
const acceptEncoding = request.headers['accept-encoding'] || '';
const onError = (err) => {
if (err) {
// If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
// the server has already sent the 200 response code and
// some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
// The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
// and log the error.
response.end();
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
}
};
// Note: This is not a conformant accept-encoding parser.
// See https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.3
if (/\bdeflate\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'deflate' });
pipeline(raw, zlib.createDeflate(), response, onError);
} else if (/\bgzip\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip' });
pipeline(raw, zlib.createGzip(), response, onError);
} else if (/\bbr\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'br' });
pipeline(raw, zlib.createBrotliCompress(), response, onError);
} else {
response.writeHead(200, {});
pipeline(raw, response, onError);
}
}).listen(1337);
```
```cjs
// server example
// Running a gzip operation on every request is quite expensive.
// It would be much more efficient to cache the compressed buffer.
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const http = require('node:http');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');
http.createServer((request, response) => {
const raw = fs.createReadStream('index.html');
// Store both a compressed and an uncompressed version of the resource.
response.setHeader('Vary', 'Accept-Encoding');
const acceptEncoding = request.headers['accept-encoding'] || '';
const onError = (err) => {
if (err) {
// If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
// the server has already sent the 200 response code and
// some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
// The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
// and log the error.
response.end();
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
}
};
// Note: This is not a conformant accept-encoding parser.
// See https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.3
if (/\bdeflate\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'deflate' });
pipeline(raw, zlib.createDeflate(), response, onError);
} else if (/\bgzip\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip' });
pipeline(raw, zlib.createGzip(), response, onError);
} else if (/\bbr\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'br' });
pipeline(raw, zlib.createBrotliCompress(), response, onError);
} else if (/\bzstd\b/.test(acceptEncoding)) {
response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Encoding': 'zstd' });
pipeline(raw, zlib.createZstdCompress(), response, onError);
} else {
response.writeHead(200, {});
pipeline(raw, response, onError);
}
}).listen(1337);
```
By default, the `zlib` methods will throw an error when decompressing
truncated data. However, if it is known that the data is incomplete, or
the desire is to inspect only the beginning of a compressed file, it is
possible to suppress the default error handling by changing the flushing
method that is used to decompress the last chunk of input data:
```js
// This is a truncated version of the buffer from the above examples
const buffer = Buffer.from('eJzT0yMA', 'base64');
zlib.unzip(
buffer,
// For Brotli, the equivalent is zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FLUSH.
// For Zstd, the equivalent is zlib.constants.ZSTD_e_flush.
{ finishFlush: zlib.constants.Z_SYNC_FLUSH },
(err, buffer) => {
if (err) {
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
process.exitCode = 1;
}
console.log(buffer.toString());
});
```
This will not change the behavior in other error-throwing situations, e.g.
when the input data has an invalid format. Using this method, it will not be
possible to determine whether the input ended prematurely or lacks the
integrity checks, making it necessary to manually check that the
decompressed result is valid.
## Memory usage tuning
<!--type=misc-->
### For zlib-based streams
From `zlib/zconf.h`, modified for Node.js usage:
The memory requirements for deflate are (in bytes):
<!-- eslint-disable @stylistic/js/semi -->
```js
(1 << (windowBits + 2)) + (1 << (memLevel + 9))
```
That is: 128K for `windowBits` = 15 + 128K for `memLevel` = 8
(default values) plus a few kilobytes for small objects.
For example, to reduce the default memory requirements from 256K to 128K, the
options should be set to:
```js
const options = { windowBits: 14, memLevel: 7 };
```
This will, however, generally degrade compression.
The memory requirements for inflate are (in bytes) `1 << windowBits`.
That is, 32K for `windowBits` = 15 (default value) plus a few kilobytes
for small objects.
This is in addition to a single internal output slab buffer of size
`chunkSize`, which defaults to 16K.
The speed of `zlib` compression is affected most dramatically by the
`level` setting. A higher level will result in better compression, but
will take longer to complete. A lower level will result in less
compression, but will be much faster.
In general, greater memory usage options will mean that Node.js has to make
fewer calls to `zlib` because it will be able to process more data on
each `write` operation. So, this is another factor that affects the
speed, at the cost of memory usage.
### For Brotli-based streams
There are equivalents to the zlib options for Brotli-based streams, although
these options have different ranges than the zlib ones:
* zlib's `level` option matches Brotli's `BROTLI_PARAM_QUALITY` option.
* zlib's `windowBits` option matches Brotli's `BROTLI_PARAM_LGWIN` option.
See [below][Brotli parameters] for more details on Brotli-specific options.
### For Zstd-based streams
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
There are equivalents to the zlib options for Zstd-based streams, although
these options have different ranges than the zlib ones:
* zlib's `level` option matches Zstd's `ZSTD_c_compressionLevel` option.
* zlib's `windowBits` option matches Zstd's `ZSTD_c_windowLog` option.
See [below][Zstd parameters] for more details on Zstd-specific options.
## Flushing
Calling [`.flush()`][] on a compression stream will make `zlib` return as much
output as currently possible. This may come at the cost of degraded compression
quality, but can be useful when data needs to be available as soon as possible.
In the following example, `flush()` is used to write a compressed partial
HTTP response to the client:
```mjs
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import http from 'node:http';
import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';
http.createServer((request, response) => {
// For the sake of simplicity, the Accept-Encoding checks are omitted.
response.writeHead(200, { 'content-encoding': 'gzip' });
const output = zlib.createGzip();
let i;
pipeline(output, response, (err) => {
if (err) {
// If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
// the server has already sent the 200 response code and
// some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
// The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
// and log the error.
clearInterval(i);
response.end();
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
}
});
i = setInterval(() => {
output.write(`The current time is ${Date()}\n`, () => {
// The data has been passed to zlib, but the compression algorithm may
// have decided to buffer the data for more efficient compression.
// Calling .flush() will make the data available as soon as the client
// is ready to receive it.
output.flush();
});
}, 1000);
}).listen(1337);
```
```cjs
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const http = require('node:http');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');
http.createServer((request, response) => {
// For the sake of simplicity, the Accept-Encoding checks are omitted.
response.writeHead(200, { 'content-encoding': 'gzip' });
const output = zlib.createGzip();
let i;
pipeline(output, response, (err) => {
if (err) {
// If an error occurs, there's not much we can do because
// the server has already sent the 200 response code and
// some amount of data has already been sent to the client.
// The best we can do is terminate the response immediately
// and log the error.
clearInterval(i);
response.end();
console.error('An error occurred:', err);
}
});
i = setInterval(() => {
output.write(`The current time is ${Date()}\n`, () => {
// The data has been passed to zlib, but the compression algorithm may
// have decided to buffer the data for more efficient compression.
// Calling .flush() will make the data available as soon as the client
// is ready to receive it.
output.flush();
});
}, 1000);
}).listen(1337);
```
## Constants
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
<!--type=misc-->
### zlib constants
All of the constants defined in `zlib.h` are also defined on
`require('node:zlib').constants`. In the normal course of operations, it will
not be necessary to use these constants. They are documented so that their
presence is not surprising. This section is taken almost directly from the
[zlib documentation][].
Previously, the constants were available directly from `require('node:zlib')`,
for instance `zlib.Z_NO_FLUSH`. Accessing the constants directly from the module
is currently still possible but is deprecated.
Allowed flush values.
* `zlib.constants.Z_NO_FLUSH`
* `zlib.constants.Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH`
* `zlib.constants.Z_SYNC_FLUSH`
* `zlib.constants.Z_FULL_FLUSH`
* `zlib.constants.Z_FINISH`
* `zlib.constants.Z_BLOCK`
Return codes for the compression/decompression functions. Negative
values are errors, positive values are used for special but normal
events.
* `zlib.constants.Z_OK`
* `zlib.constants.Z_STREAM_END`
* `zlib.constants.Z_NEED_DICT`
* `zlib.constants.Z_ERRNO`
* `zlib.constants.Z_STREAM_ERROR`
* `zlib.constants.Z_DATA_ERROR`
* `zlib.constants.Z_MEM_ERROR`
* `zlib.constants.Z_BUF_ERROR`
* `zlib.constants.Z_VERSION_ERROR`
Compression levels.
* `zlib.constants.Z_NO_COMPRESSION`
* `zlib.constants.Z_BEST_SPEED`
* `zlib.constants.Z_BEST_COMPRESSION`
* `zlib.constants.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION`
Compression strategy.
* `zlib.constants.Z_FILTERED`
* `zlib.constants.Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY`
* `zlib.constants.Z_RLE`
* `zlib.constants.Z_FIXED`
* `zlib.constants.Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY`
### Brotli constants
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
There are several options and other constants available for Brotli-based
streams:
#### Flush operations
The following values are valid flush operations for Brotli-based streams:
* `zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_PROCESS` (default for all operations)
* `zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FLUSH` (default when calling `.flush()`)
* `zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FINISH` (default for the last chunk)
* `zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_EMIT_METADATA`
* This particular operation may be hard to use in a Node.js context,
as the streaming layer makes it hard to know which data will end up
in this frame. Also, there is currently no way to consume this data through
the Node.js API.
#### Compressor options
There are several options that can be set on Brotli encoders, affecting
compression efficiency and speed. Both the keys and the values can be accessed
as properties of the `zlib.constants` object.
The most important options are:
* `BROTLI_PARAM_MODE`
* `BROTLI_MODE_GENERIC` (default)
* `BROTLI_MODE_TEXT`, adjusted for UTF-8 text
* `BROTLI_MODE_FONT`, adjusted for WOFF 2.0 fonts
* `BROTLI_PARAM_QUALITY`
* Ranges from `BROTLI_MIN_QUALITY` to `BROTLI_MAX_QUALITY`,
with a default of `BROTLI_DEFAULT_QUALITY`.
* `BROTLI_PARAM_SIZE_HINT`
* Integer value representing the expected input size;
defaults to `0` for an unknown input size.
The following flags can be set for advanced control over the compression
algorithm and memory usage tuning:
* `BROTLI_PARAM_LGWIN`
* Ranges from `BROTLI_MIN_WINDOW_BITS` to `BROTLI_MAX_WINDOW_BITS`,
with a default of `BROTLI_DEFAULT_WINDOW`, or up to
`BROTLI_LARGE_MAX_WINDOW_BITS` if the `BROTLI_PARAM_LARGE_WINDOW` flag
is set.
* `BROTLI_PARAM_LGBLOCK`
* Ranges from `BROTLI_MIN_INPUT_BLOCK_BITS` to `BROTLI_MAX_INPUT_BLOCK_BITS`.
* `BROTLI_PARAM_DISABLE_LITERAL_CONTEXT_MODELING`
* Boolean flag that decreases compression ratio in favour of
decompression speed.
* `BROTLI_PARAM_LARGE_WINDOW`
* Boolean flag enabling “Large Window Brotli” mode (not compatible with the
Brotli format as standardized in [RFC 7932][]).
* `BROTLI_PARAM_NPOSTFIX`
* Ranges from `0` to `BROTLI_MAX_NPOSTFIX`.
* `BROTLI_PARAM_NDIRECT`
* Ranges from `0` to `15 << NPOSTFIX` in steps of `1 << NPOSTFIX`.
#### Decompressor options
These advanced options are available for controlling decompression:
* `BROTLI_DECODER_PARAM_DISABLE_RING_BUFFER_REALLOCATION`
* Boolean flag that affects internal memory allocation patterns.
* `BROTLI_DECODER_PARAM_LARGE_WINDOW`
* Boolean flag enabling “Large Window Brotli” mode (not compatible with the
Brotli format as standardized in [RFC 7932][]).
### Zstd constants
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
<!-- YAML
added: v22.15.0
-->
There are several options and other constants available for Zstd-based
streams:
#### Flush operations
The following values are valid flush operations for Zstd-based streams:
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_e_continue` (default for all operations)
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_e_flush` (default when calling `.flush()`)
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_e_end` (default for the last chunk)
#### Compressor options
There are several options that can be set on Zstd encoders, affecting
compression efficiency and speed. Both the keys and the values can be accessed
as properties of the `zlib.constants` object.
The most important options are:
* `ZSTD_c_compressionLevel`
* Set compression parameters according to pre-defined cLevel table. Default
level is ZSTD\_CLEVEL\_DEFAULT==3.
* `ZSTD_c_strategy`
* Select the compression strategy.
* Possible values are listed in the strategy options section below.
#### Strategy options
The following constants can be used as values for the `ZSTD_c_strategy`
parameter:
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_fast`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_dfast`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_greedy`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_lazy`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_lazy2`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_btlazy2`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_btopt`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_btultra`
* `zlib.constants.ZSTD_btultra2`
Example:
```js
const stream = zlib.createZstdCompress({
params: {
[zlib.constants.ZSTD_c_strategy]: zlib.constants.ZSTD_btultra,
},
});
```
#### Pledged Source Size
It's possible to specify the expected total size of the uncompressed input via
`opts.pledgedSrcSize`. If the size doesn't match at the end of the input,
compression will fail with the code `ZSTD_error_srcSize_wrong`.
#### Decompressor options
These advanced options are available for controlling decompression:
* `ZSTD_d_windowLogMax`
* Select a size limit (in power of 2) beyond which the streaming API will
refuse to allocate memory buffer in order to protect the host from
unreasonable memory requirements.
## Class: `Options`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.1
changes:
- version:
- v14.5.0
- v12.19.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/33516
description: The `maxOutputLength` option is supported now.
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `dictionary` option can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `dictionary` option can be an `Uint8Array` now.
- version: v5.11.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/6069
description: The `finishFlush` option is supported now.
-->
<!--type=misc-->
Each zlib-based class takes an `options` object. No options are required.
Some options are only relevant when compressing and are
ignored by the decompression classes.
* `flush` {integer} **Default:** `zlib.constants.Z_NO_FLUSH`
* `finishFlush` {integer} **Default:** `zlib.constants.Z_FINISH`
* `chunkSize` {integer} **Default:** `16 * 1024`
* `windowBits` {integer}
* `level` {integer} (compression only)
* `memLevel` {integer} (compression only)
* `strategy` {integer} (compression only)
* `dictionary` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer} (deflate/inflate only,
empty dictionary by default)
* `info` {boolean} (If `true`, returns an object with `buffer` and `engine`.)
* `maxOutputLength` {integer} Limits output size when using
[convenience methods][]. **Default:** [`buffer.kMaxLength`][]
See the [`deflateInit2` and `inflateInit2`][] documentation for more
information.
## Class: `BrotliOptions`
<!-- YAML
added: v11.7.0
changes:
- version:
- v14.5.0
- v12.19.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/33516
description: The `maxOutputLength` option is supported now.
-->
<!--type=misc-->
Each Brotli-based class takes an `options` object. All options are optional.
* `flush` {integer} **Default:** `zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_PROCESS`
* `finishFlush` {integer} **Default:** `zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FINISH`
* `chunkSize` {integer} **Default:** `16 * 1024`
* `params` {Object} Key-value object containing indexed [Brotli parameters][].
* `maxOutputLength` {integer} Limits output size when using
[convenience methods][]. **Default:** [`buffer.kMaxLength`][]
* `info` {boolean} If `true`, returns an object with `buffer` and `engine`. **Default:** `false`
For example:
```js
const stream = zlib.createBrotliCompress({
chunkSize: 32 * 1024,
params: {
[zlib.constants.BROTLI_PARAM_MODE]: zlib.constants.BROTLI_MODE_TEXT,
[zlib.constants.BROTLI_PARAM_QUALITY]: 4,
[zlib.constants.BROTLI_PARAM_SIZE_HINT]: fs.statSync(inputFile).size,
},
});
```
## Class: `zlib.BrotliCompress`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Compress data using the Brotli algorithm.
## Class: `zlib.BrotliDecompress`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Decompress data using the Brotli algorithm.
## Class: `zlib.Deflate`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Compress data using deflate.
## Class: `zlib.DeflateRaw`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Compress data using deflate, and do not append a `zlib` header.
## Class: `zlib.Gunzip`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
changes:
- version: v6.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/5883
description: Trailing garbage at the end of the input stream will now
result in an `'error'` event.
- version: v5.9.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/5120
description: Multiple concatenated gzip file members are supported now.
- version: v5.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/2595
description: A truncated input stream will now result in an `'error'` event.
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Decompress a gzip stream.
## Class: `zlib.Gzip`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Compress data using gzip.
## Class: `zlib.Inflate`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
changes:
- version: v5.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/2595
description: A truncated input stream will now result in an `'error'` event.
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Decompress a deflate stream.
## Class: `zlib.InflateRaw`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
changes:
- version: v6.8.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/8512
description: Custom dictionaries are now supported by `InflateRaw`.
- version: v5.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/2595
description: A truncated input stream will now result in an `'error'` event.
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Decompress a raw deflate stream.
## Class: `zlib.Unzip`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* Extends: [`ZlibBase`][]
Decompress either a Gzip- or Deflate-compressed stream by auto-detecting
the header.
## Class: `zlib.ZlibBase`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
changes:
- version:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24939
description: This class was renamed from `Zlib` to `ZlibBase`.
-->
* Extends: [`stream.Transform`][]
Not exported by the `node:zlib` module. It is documented here because it is the
base class of the compressor/decompressor classes.
This class inherits from [`stream.Transform`][], allowing `node:zlib` objects to
be used in pipes and similar stream operations.
### `zlib.bytesRead`
<!-- YAML
added: v8.1.0
deprecated: v10.0.0
-->
> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use [`zlib.bytesWritten`][] instead.
* {number}
Deprecated alias for [`zlib.bytesWritten`][]. This original name was chosen
because it also made sense to interpret the value as the number of bytes
read by the engine, but is inconsistent with other streams in Node.js that
expose values under these names.
### `zlib.bytesWritten`
<!-- YAML
added: v10.0.0
-->
* Type: {number}
The `zlib.bytesWritten` property specifies the number of bytes written to
the engine, before the bytes are processed (compressed or decompressed,
as appropriate for the derived class).
### `zlib.close([callback])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.9.4
-->
* `callback` {Function}
Close the underlying handle.
### `zlib.flush([kind, ]callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `kind` **Default:** `zlib.constants.Z_FULL_FLUSH` for zlib-based streams,
`zlib.constants.BROTLI_OPERATION_FLUSH` for Brotli-based streams.
* `callback` {Function}
Flush pending data. Don't call this frivolously, premature flushes negatively
impact the effectiveness of the compression algorithm.
Calling this only flushes data from the internal `zlib` state, and does not
perform flushing of any kind on the streams level. Rather, it behaves like a
normal call to `.write()`, i.e. it will be queued up behind other pending
writes and will only produce output when data is being read from the stream.
### `zlib.params(level, strategy, callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.4
-->
* `level` {integer}
* `strategy` {integer}
* `callback` {Function}
This function is only available for zlib-based streams, i.e. not Brotli.
Dynamically update the compression level and compression strategy.
Only applicable to deflate algorithm.
### `zlib.reset()`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.7.0
-->
Reset the compressor/decompressor to factory defaults. Only applicable to
the inflate and deflate algorithms.
## Class: `ZstdOptions`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
<!-- YAML
added: v22.15.0
-->
<!--type=misc-->
Each Zstd-based class takes an `options` object. All options are optional.
* `flush` {integer} **Default:** `zlib.constants.ZSTD_e_continue`
* `finishFlush` {integer} **Default:** `zlib.constants.ZSTD_e_end`
* `chunkSize` {integer} **Default:** `16 * 1024`
* `params` {Object} Key-value object containing indexed [Zstd parameters][].
* `maxOutputLength` {integer} Limits output size when using
[convenience methods][]. **Default:** [`buffer.kMaxLength`][]
* `info` {boolean} If `true`, returns an object with `buffer` and `engine`. **Default:** `false`
* `dictionary` {Buffer} Optional dictionary used to
improve compression efficiency when compressing or decompressing data that
shares common patterns with the dictionary.
For example:
```js
const stream = zlib.createZstdCompress({
chunkSize: 32 * 1024,
params: {
[zlib.constants.ZSTD_c_compressionLevel]: 10,
[zlib.constants.ZSTD_c_checksumFlag]: 1,
},
});
```
## Class: `zlib.ZstdCompress`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
<!-- YAML
added: v22.15.0
-->
Compress data using the Zstd algorithm.
## Class: `zlib.ZstdDecompress`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
<!-- YAML
added: v22.15.0
-->
Decompress data using the Zstd algorithm.
## `zlib.constants`
<!-- YAML
added: v7.0.0
-->
Provides an object enumerating Zlib-related constants.
## `zlib.crc32(data[, value])`
<!-- YAML
added: v22.2.0
-->
* `data` {string|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} When `data` is a string,
it will be encoded as UTF-8 before being used for computation.
* `value` {integer} An optional starting value. It must be a 32-bit unsigned
integer. **Default:** `0`
* Returns: {integer} A 32-bit unsigned integer containing the checksum.
Computes a 32-bit [Cyclic Redundancy Check][] checksum of `data`. If
`value` is specified, it is used as the starting value of the checksum,
otherwise, 0 is used as the starting value.
The CRC algorithm is designed to compute checksums and to detect error
in data transmission. It's not suitable for cryptographic authentication.
To be consistent with other APIs, if the `data` is a string, it will
be encoded with UTF-8 before being used for computation. If users only
use Node.js to compute and match the checksums, this works well with
other APIs that uses the UTF-8 encoding by default.
Some third-party JavaScript libraries compute the checksum on a
string based on `str.charCodeAt()` so that it can be run in browsers.
If users want to match the checksum computed with this kind of library
in the browser, it's better to use the same library in Node.js
if it also runs in Node.js. If users have to use `zlib.crc32()` to
match the checksum produced by such a third-party library:
1. If the library accepts `Uint8Array` as input, use `TextEncoder`
in the browser to encode the string into a `Uint8Array` with UTF-8
encoding, and compute the checksum based on the UTF-8 encoded string
in the browser.
2. If the library only takes a string and compute the data based on
`str.charCodeAt()`, on the Node.js side, convert the string into
a buffer using `Buffer.from(str, 'utf16le')`.
```mjs
import zlib from 'node:zlib';
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
let crc = zlib.crc32('hello'); // 907060870
crc = zlib.crc32('world', crc); // 4192936109
crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('hello', 'utf16le')); // 1427272415
crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('world', 'utf16le'), crc); // 4150509955
```
```cjs
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
let crc = zlib.crc32('hello'); // 907060870
crc = zlib.crc32('world', crc); // 4192936109
crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('hello', 'utf16le')); // 1427272415
crc = zlib.crc32(Buffer.from('world', 'utf16le'), crc); // 4150509955
```
## `zlib.createBrotliCompress([options])`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* `options` {brotli options}
Creates and returns a new [`BrotliCompress`][] object.
## `zlib.createBrotliDecompress([options])`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* `options` {brotli options}
Creates and returns a new [`BrotliDecompress`][] object.
## `zlib.createDeflate([options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `options` {zlib options}
Creates and returns a new [`Deflate`][] object.
## `zlib.createDeflateRaw([options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `options` {zlib options}
Creates and returns a new [`DeflateRaw`][] object.
An upgrade of zlib from 1.2.8 to 1.2.11 changed behavior when `windowBits`
is set to 8 for raw deflate streams. zlib would automatically set `windowBits`
to 9 if was initially set to 8. Newer versions of zlib will throw an exception,
so Node.js restored the original behavior of upgrading a value of 8 to 9,
since passing `windowBits = 9` to zlib actually results in a compressed stream
that effectively uses an 8-bit window only.
## `zlib.createGunzip([options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `options` {zlib options}
Creates and returns a new [`Gunzip`][] object.
## `zlib.createGzip([options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `options` {zlib options}
Creates and returns a new [`Gzip`][] object.
See [example][zlib.createGzip example].
## `zlib.createInflate([options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `options` {zlib options}
Creates and returns a new [`Inflate`][] object.
## `zlib.createInflateRaw([options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `options` {zlib options}
Creates and returns a new [`InflateRaw`][] object.
## `zlib.createUnzip([options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.8
-->
* `options` {zlib options}
Creates and returns a new [`Unzip`][] object.
## `zlib.createZstdCompress([options])`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
<!-- YAML
added: v22.15.0
-->
* `options` {zstd options}
Creates and returns a new [`ZstdCompress`][] object.
## `zlib.createZstdDecompress([options])`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
<!-- YAML
added: v22.15.0
-->
* `options` {zstd options}
Creates and returns a new [`ZstdDecompress`][] object.
## Convenience methods
<!--type=misc-->
All of these take a {Buffer}, {TypedArray}, {DataView}, {ArrayBuffer}, or string
as the first argument, an optional second argument
to supply options to the `zlib` classes and will call the supplied callback
with `callback(error, result)`.
Every method has a `*Sync` counterpart, which accept the same arguments, but
without a callback.
### `zlib.brotliCompress(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {brotli options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.brotliCompressSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {brotli options}
Compress a chunk of data with [`BrotliCompress`][].
### `zlib.brotliDecompress(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {brotli options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.brotliDecompressSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added:
- v11.7.0
- v10.16.0
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {brotli options}
Decompress a chunk of data with [`BrotliDecompress`][].
### `zlib.deflate(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.deflateSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.12
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
Compress a chunk of data with [`Deflate`][].
### `zlib.deflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
changes:
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.deflateRawSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.12
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
Compress a chunk of data with [`DeflateRaw`][].
### `zlib.gunzip(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.gunzipSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.12
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
Decompress a chunk of data with [`Gunzip`][].
### `zlib.gzip(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.gzipSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.12
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
Compress a chunk of data with [`Gzip`][].
### `zlib.inflate(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.inflateSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.12
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
Decompress a chunk of data with [`Inflate`][].
### `zlib.inflateRaw(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.inflateRawSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.12
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
Decompress a chunk of data with [`InflateRaw`][].
### `zlib.unzip(buffer[, options], callback)`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.6.0
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.unzipSync(buffer[, options])`
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.12
changes:
- version: v9.4.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/16042
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `ArrayBuffer`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12223
description: The `buffer` parameter can be any `TypedArray` or `DataView`.
- version: v8.0.0
pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/12001
description: The `buffer` parameter can be an `Uint8Array` now.
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zlib options}
Decompress a chunk of data with [`Unzip`][].
### `zlib.zstdCompress(buffer[, options], callback)`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
<!-- YAML
added: v22.15.0
-->
* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zstd options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.zstdCompressSync(buffer[, options])`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
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* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zstd options}
Compress a chunk of data with [`ZstdCompress`][].
### `zlib.zstdDecompress(buffer[, options], callback)`
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* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zstd options}
* `callback` {Function}
### `zlib.zstdDecompressSync(buffer[, options])`
> Stability: 1 - Experimental
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* `buffer` {Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|ArrayBuffer|string}
* `options` {zstd options}
Decompress a chunk of data with [`ZstdDecompress`][].
[Brotli parameters]: #brotli-constants
[Cyclic redundancy check]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check
[Memory usage tuning]: #memory-usage-tuning
[RFC 7932]: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7932.txt
[Streams API]: stream.md
[Zstd parameters]: #zstd-constants
[`.flush()`]: #zlibflushkind-callback
[`Accept-Encoding`]: https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.3
[`BrotliCompress`]: #class-zlibbrotlicompress
[`BrotliDecompress`]: #class-zlibbrotlidecompress
[`Content-Encoding`]: https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.11
[`DeflateRaw`]: #class-zlibdeflateraw
[`Deflate`]: #class-zlibdeflate
[`Gunzip`]: #class-zlibgunzip
[`Gzip`]: #class-zlibgzip
[`InflateRaw`]: #class-zlibinflateraw
[`Inflate`]: #class-zlibinflate
[`Unzip`]: #class-zlibunzip
[`ZlibBase`]: #class-zlibzlibbase
[`ZstdCompress`]: #class-zlibzstdcompress
[`ZstdDecompress`]: #class-zlibzstddecompress
[`buffer.kMaxLength`]: buffer.md#bufferkmaxlength
[`deflateInit2` and `inflateInit2`]: https://zlib.net/manual.html#Advanced
[`stream.Transform`]: stream.md#class-streamtransform
[`zlib.bytesWritten`]: #zlibbyteswritten
[convenience methods]: #convenience-methods
[zlib documentation]: https://zlib.net/manual.html#Constants
[zlib.createGzip example]: #zlib